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Psychology is an academic and applied discipline involving the phenomenological and scientific study of mental processes and behavior. Psychologists study such concepts as perception, cognition, emotion, personality, behavior, interpersonal relationships, and the individual and collective unconscious. Psychology also refers to the application of such knowledge to various spheres of human activity including issues related to daily life—e.g. family, education, and work—and the treatment of mental health problems. Psychology attempts to understand the role these functions play in social behavior and in social dynamics, while incorporating the underlying physiological and neurological processes into its conceptions of mental functioning. Psychology includes many sub-fields of study and application concerned with such areas as human development, sports, health, industry, media, law.

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Academia is a collective term for the scientific and cultural community engaged in higher education and research.

The word comes from the akademeia just outside ancient Athens, where the gymnasium was made famous by Plato as a center of learning. The sacred space, dedicated to the goddess of wisdom, Athena, had formerly been an olive grove, hence the expression "the groves of Academe".

By extension Academia has come to connote the cultural accumulation of knowledge, its development and transmission across generations and its practitioners and transmitters. In the seventeenth century, English and French religious scholars popularized the term to describe certain types of institutions of higher learning. The English adopted the form academy while the French adopted the forms acadème and académie.

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Higher education is education provided by universities, vocational universities, community colleges, liberal arts colleges, technical colleges, and other collegial institutions that award academic degrees, such as career colleges.

Since 1952, Article 2 of the first Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights obliges all signatory parties to guarantee the right to education. At world level, the United Nations' International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 guarantees this right under its Article 13, which states that "higher education shall be made equally accessible to all, on the basis of capacity, by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education".

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Education encompasses both the teaching and learning of knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency. It thus focuses on the cultivation of skills, trades or professions, as well as mental, moral & aesthetic development.[1]

Formal education consists of systematic instruction, teaching and training by professional teachers. This consists of the application of pedagogy and the development of curricula. In a liberal education tradition, teachers draw on many different disciplines for their lessons, including psychology, philosophy, information technology, linguistics, biology, and sociology. Teachers in specialized professions such as astrophysics, law, or zoology may teach only in a narrow area, usually as professors at institutions of higher learning. There is much specialist instruction in fields of trade for those who want specific skills, such as required to be a pilot, for example. Finally, there is an array of educational opportunity in the informal sphere- for this reason, society subsidizes institutions such as museums and libraries. Informal education also includes knowledge and skills learned and refined during the course of life, including education that comes from experience in practicing a profession.

The right to education is a fundamental human right. Since 1952, Article 2 of the first Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights obliges all signatory parties to guarantee the right to education. At world level, the United Nations' International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 guarantees this right under its Article 13.

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In education, a teacher is one who helps students or pupils, often in a school, as well as in a family, religious or community setting. A teacher is an acknowledged guide or helper in processes of learning. A teacher's role may vary between cultures. Academic subjects are emphasized in many societies, but a teacher's duties may include instruction in craftsmanship or vocational training, spirituality, civics, community roles, or life skills. In modern schools and most contemporary occidental societies, where scientific pedagogy is practiced, the teacher is defined as a specialized profession on the same level as many other professions.

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he word student is etymologically derived through Middle English from the Latin second-type conjugation verb "stŭdērĕ", meaning "to direct one's zeal at"; hence a student could be described as 'one who directs zeal at a subject'. In its widest use, "student" is used for anyone who is learning

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Etymology is the study of the history of words — when they entered a language, from what source, and how their form and meaning have changed over time.

In languages with a long detailed history, etymology makes use of philology, the study of how words change from culture to culture over time. However, etymologists also apply the methods of comparative linguistics to reconstruct information about languages that are too old for any direct information (such as writing) to be known. By analyzing related languages with a technique known as the comparative method, linguists can make inferences, about their shared parent language and its vocabulary. In this way, word roots have been found which can be traced all the way back to the origin of, for instance, the Indo-European language family.

Even though etymological research originally grew from the philological tradition, nowadays much etymological research is done in language families where little or no early documentation is available, such as Uralic and Austronesian.

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History is the study of the past, particularly the written record[1] of the human race, but more generally including scientific and archaeological discoveries about the past. Recently, there has been an increased interest in oral histories and traditions, passed down from generation to generation verbally. New technology, such as photography, sound recording, and motion pictures, now complement the written word in the historical record.

Academically, history is the field of research producing a continuous narrative and a systematic analysis of past events of importance to the human race.[2] Those who study history as a profession are called historians.

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A document (noun) is a bounded physical representation of body of information designed with the capacity (and usually intent) to communicate. A document may manifest symbolic, diagrammatic or sensory-representational information. To document (verb) is to produce a document artifact by collecting and representing information. In prototypical usage, a document is understood as a paper artifact, containing information in the form of ink marks. Increasingly, documents are also understood as digital artifacts.

Colloquial usage is revealed by the connotations and denotations that appear in a Web search for document. From these usages, one can infer the following typical connotations:

* Writing that provides information (especially information of an official nature)
* Anything serving as a representation of a person's thinking by means of symbolic marks
* A written account of ownership or obligation
* To record in detail; "The parents documented every step of their child's development"
* A digital file in a particular format
* To support or supply with references; "Can you document your claims?"
* An artifact that meets a legal notion of document for purposes of discovery in litigation

The variety of usage reveals that the notion of document has rich social and cultural aspects besides the physical, functional and operational aspects.

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nformation as a concept has a diversity of meanings, from everyday usage to technical settings. Generally speaking, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, mental stimulus, pattern, perception, and representation.

Many people speak about the Information Age as the advent of the Knowledge Age[citation needed][who?] or knowledge society, the information society, the Information revolution, and information technologies, and even though informatics, information science and computer science are often in the spotlight, the word "information" is often used without careful consideration of the various meanings it has acquired.

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Conveyed concept is a set phrase that denotes a concept as understood or perceived. If someone explains an idea or if an idea is conveyed by some type of media then that idea or concept, yes, is a conveyed concept but in the mind of the person/people to whom it was conveyed it is a concept processed within the framework of their understanding of that concept. That concept, being either poorly or precisely conveyed, is now a concept as understood or processed by whomever it was conveyed to and can be referred to as a conveyed concept.[1] [2]

In computer programming a conveyed concept refers to information sent from programmer to AI, computer-to-computer, human to computer, programmer to programmer, etc. In programming an AI program, the conveyed concepts of the AI program are used as building blocks to program new concepts, and it is important that the conveyed concepts are fine tuned in order to create the correct response. In programming, programs need to compare conveyed concepts in order to communicate a correct process or response. In this media the concepts being compared are not what was programmed (the code) but the response of the program so that the code can be changed to achieve the correct response. [3] [4]

Because of the abstract nature of concept when paired with the word conveyed, the word conveyed transitions to a slightly different meaning then it's historical Linguistic meaning in Linguistic semantics. Conveyed has undergone somewhat of a Semantic change in that it is used as an adjective to express the understanding by someone of something that was communicated to them. [5] This is especially true in the context of conveying meaning. In this context the actual material or words used to convey something to ‘Individual A’ is not the subject of the question - What was conveyed to 'Individual A'? Instead, in this context, convey means what is 'Individual A's' understanding of what was conveyed.[6]

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A set phrase is an expression (i.e. term or phrase) whose parts are fixed (see examples below). It is often possible to express the idea conveyed by a set phrase with a different phrasing, but it is marked to do so.

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Terminology is the study of terms and their use. Terms are words and compound words that are used in specific contexts. Not to be confused with "Terms" in colloquial usages, the shortened form of Technical terms (or terms of art) which are defined within a discipline or specialty field. The discipline Terminology studies among other things how such terms of art come to be and their interrelationships within a culture.

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Linguistic strings can be made up of phenomena like words, phrases, and sentences, and each seems to have a different kind of meaning. Individual words all by themselves, such as the word "bachelor," have one kind of meaning, because they only seem to refer to some abstract concept. Phrases, such as "the brightest star in the sky", seem to be different from individual words, because they are complex symbols arranged into some order. There is also the meaning of whole sentences, such as "Barry is a bachelor", which is both a complex whole, and seems to express a statement that might be true or false.

In linguistics the fields most closely associated with meaning are semantics and pragmatics. Semantics deals most directly with what words or phrases mean, and pragmatics deals with how the environment changes the meanings of words. Syntax and morphology also have a profound effect on meaning. The syntax of a language allows a good deal of information to be conveyed even when the specific words used are not known to the listener, and a language's morphology can allow a listener to uncover the meaning of a word by examining the morphemes that make it up.

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Semantics is the study of meaning in communication. The word derives from Greek σημαντικός (semantikos), "significant"[1], from σημαίνω (semaino), "to signify, to indicate" and that from σήμα (sema), "sign, mark, token"[2]. In linguistics it is the study of interpretation of signs as used by agents or communities within particular circumstances and contexts.[3] It has related meanings in several other fields.

Semanticists differ on what constitutes meaning in an expression. For example, in the sentence, "John loves a bagel", the word bagel may refer to the object itself, which is its literal meaning or denotation, but it may also refer to many other figurative associations, such as how it meets John's hunger, etc., which may be its connotation. Traditionally, the formal semantic view restricts semantics to its literal meaning, and relegates all figurative associations to pragmatics, but this distinction is increasingly difficult to defend[4]. The degree to which a theorist subscribes to the literal-figurative distinction decreases as one moves from the formal semantic, semiotic, pragmatic, to the cognitive semantic traditions.

The word semantic in its modern sense is considered to have first appeared in French as sémantique in Michel Bréal's 1897 book, Essai de sémantique'. In International Scientific Vocabulary semantics is also called semasiology. The discipline of Semantics is distinct from Alfred Korzybski's General Semantics, which is a system for looking at non-immediate, or abstract meanings.

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An agent is either:

* an entity who is capable of action
* someone (or something) who acts on behalf of another person.

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In philosophy, action has developed into a sub-field called philosophy of action. Action is what an agent can do.

For example, throwing a ball is an instance of action; it involves an intention, a goal, and a bodily movement guided by the agent. On the other hand, catching a cold is not considered an action because it is something which happens to a person, not something done by one. Generally an agent doesn't intend to catch a cold or engage in bodily movement to do so (though we might be able to conceive of such a case). Other events are less clearly defined as actions or not. For instance, distractedly drumming ones fingers on the table seems to fall somewhere in the middle. Deciding to do something might be considered a mental action by some. However, others think it is not an action unless the decision is carried out. Unsuccessfully trying to do something might also not be considered an action for similar reasons (for e.g. lack of bodily movement). It is contentions whether Believing, intending, and thinking are actions since they are mental events.

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Behaviorism
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Behaviorism or Behaviourism, also called the learning perspective, is a philosophy of psychology based on the proposition that all things which organisms do — including acting, thinking and feeling—can and should be regarded as behaviors.[1] The school of psychology maintains that behaviors as such can be described scientifically without recourse either to internal physiological events or to hypothetical constructs such as the mind.[2] Behaviorism comprises the position that all theories should have observational correlates but that there are no philosophical differences between publicly observable processes (such as actions) and privately observable processes (such as thinking and feeling).[3]

From early psychology in the 19th century, the behaviorist school of thought ran concurrently and shared commonalities with the psychoanalytic and Gestalt movements in psychology into the 20th century; but also differed from the mental philosophy of the Gestalt psychologists in critical ways.[citation needed] Its main influences were Ivan Pavlov, who investigated classical conditioning, Edward Lee Thorndike, John B. Watson who rejected introspective methods and sought to restrict psychology to experimental methods, and B.F. Skinner who conducted research on operant conditioning. [3] In the second half of the twentieth century, behaviorism was largely eclipsed as a result of the cognitive revolution.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Versions
* 2 B.F. Skinner and radical behaviorism
o 2.1 Definition
o 2.2 Experimental and conceptual innovations
o 2.3 Relation to language
* 3 Molar versus molecular behaviorism
* 4 Behaviorism in philosophy
* 5 List of notable behaviorists
* 6 See also
* 7 Notes
* 8 Further reading
* 9 External links

[edit] Versions

There is no classification generally agreed upon, but some titles given to the various branches of behaviorism include:

* Classical: The behaviorism of Watson; the objective study of behavior; no mental life, no internal states; thought is covert speech.
* Methodological: The objective study of third-person behavior; the data of psychology must be inter-subjectively verifiable; no theoretical prescriptions. It has been absorbed into general experimental and cognitive psychology.
* Radical: Skinner's behaviorism; is considered radical since it expands behavioral principles to processes within the organism; in contrast to methodological behaviorism; not mechanistic or reductionist; hypothetical (mentalistic) internal states are not considered causes of behavior, phenomena must be observable at least to the individual experiencing them. Willard Van Orman Quine used many of radical behaviorism's ideas in his study of knowing and language.
* Logical: Established by Oxford philosopher Gilbert Ryle in his book The Concept of Mind (1949).
* Teleological: Post-Skinnerian, purposive, close to microeconomics.
* Theoretical: Post-Skinnerian, accepts observable internal states ("within the skin" once meant "unobservable", but with modern technology we are not so constrained); dynamic, but eclectic in choice of theoretical structures, emphasizes parsimony.
* Biological: Post-Skinnerian, centered on perceptual and motor modules of behavior, theory of behavior systems.
* Inter behaviorism: Founded by J. R. Kantor before Skinner's writings and currently worked by L. Hayes; E. Ribes; and S. Bijou. centered in the inter behavior of organisms, field theory of behavior; emphasis on human behavior.

Two popular subtypes are Neo: Hullian and post-Hullian, theoretical, group data, not dynamic, physiological, and Purposive: Tolman’s behavioristic anticipation of cognitive psychology.

[edit] B.F. Skinner and radical behaviorism

Main article: Radical behaviorism

Skinner, who carried out experimental work mainly in comparative psychology from the 1930s to the 1950s, but remained behaviorism's best known theorist and exponent virtually until his death in 1990, developed a distinct kind of behaviorist philosophy, which came to be called radical behaviorism. He is credited with having founded a new version of psychological science, which has come to be called behavior analysis or the experimental analysis of behavior after variations on the subtitle to his 1938 work The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis Of Behavior.

[edit] Definition

B.F Skinner was influential in defining radical behaviorism, a philosophy codifying the basis of his school of research (named the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, or EAB.) While EAB differs from other approaches to behavioral research on numerous methodological and theoretical points, radical behaviorism departs from methodological behaviorism most notably in accepting treatment of feelings, states of mind and introspection as existent and scientifically treatable. This is done by identifying them as something non-dualistic, and here Skinner takes a divide-and-conquer approach, with some instances being identified with bodily conditions or behavior, and others getting a more extended 'analysis' in terms of behavior. However, radical behaviorism stops short of identifying feelings as causes of behavior.[1] Among other points of difference were a rejection of the reflex as a model of all behavior and a defense of a science of behavior complementary to but independent of physiology. Radical behaviorism has considerable overlap with other western philosophical positions such as American pragmatism [4]

[edit] Experimental and conceptual innovations

This essentially philosophical position gained strength from the success of Skinner's early experimental work with rats and pigeons, summarized in his books The Behavior of Organisms[5] and Schedules of Reinforcement.[6] Of particular importance was his concept of the operant response, of which the canonical example was the rat's lever-press. In contrast with the idea of a physiological or reflex response, an operant is a class of structurally distinct but functionally equivalent responses. For example, while a rat might press a lever with its left paw or its right paw or its tail, all of these responses operate on the world in the same way and have a common consequence. Operants are often thought of as species of responses, where the individuals differ but the class coheres in its function--shared consequences with operants and reproductive success with species. This is a clear distinction between Skinner's theory and S-R theory.

Skinner's empirical work expanded on earlier research on trial-and-error learning by researchers such as Thorndike and Guthrie with both conceptual reformulations – Thorndike's notion of a stimulus-response 'association' or 'connection' was abandoned – and methodological ones – the use of the 'free operant', so called because the animal was now permitted to respond at its own rate rather than in a series of trials determined by the experimenter procedures. With this method, Skinner carried out substantial experimental work on the effects of different schedules and rates of reinforcement on the rates of operant responses made by rats and pigeons. He achieved remarkable success in training animals to perform unexpected responses, and to emit large numbers of responses, and to demonstrate many empirical regularities at the purely behavioral level. This lent some credibility to his conceptual analysis. It is largely his conceptual analysis that made his work much more rigorous than his peers, a point which can be seen clearly in his seminal work Are Theories of Learning Necessary? in which he criticizes what he viewed to be theoretical weaknesses then common in the study of psychology. An important descendant of the experimental analysis of behavior is the Society for Quantitative Analysis of Behavior.[7]

[edit] Relation to language

As Skinner turned from experimental work to concentrate on the philosophical underpinnings of a science of behavior, his attention turned to human language with Verbal Behavior[8] and other language-related publications;[9] Verbal Behavior laid out a vocabulary and theory for functional analysis of verbal behavior, and was strongly criticized in a review by Noam Chomsky.[10] Skinner did not respond in detail but claimed that Chomsky failed to understand his ideas,[11] and the disagreements between the two and the theories involved have been further discussed.[12][13]

What was important for a behaviorist's analysis of human behavior was not language acquisition so much as the interaction between language and overt behavior. In an essay republished in his 1969 book Contingencies of Reinforcement,[14] Skinner took the view that humans could construct linguistic stimuli that would then acquire control over their behavior in the same way that external stimuli could. The possibility of such "instructional control" over behavior meant that contingencies of reinforcement would not always produce the same effects on human behavior as they reliably do in other animals. The focus of a radical behaviorist analysis of human behavior therefore shifted to an attempt to understand the interaction between instructional control and contingency control, and also to understand the behavioral processes that determine what instructions are constructed and what control they acquire over behavior.

[edit] Molar versus molecular behaviorism

Skinner's view of behavior is most often characterized as a "molecular" view of behavior; that is, each behavior can be decomposed into atomistic parts or molecules. This view is inaccurate when one considers his complete description of behavior as delineated in the 1981 article, Selection by Consequences and many other works. Skinner claims that a complete account of behavior has involved an understanding of selection history at three levels: biology (the natural selection or phylogeny of the animal); behavior (the reinforcement history or ontogeny of the behavioral repertoire of the animal); and for some species, culture (the cultural practices of the social group to which the animal belongs). This whole organism, with all those histories, then interacts with its environment. He often described even his own behavior as a product of his phylogenetic history, his reinforcement history (which includes the learning of cultural practices) interacting with the environment at the moment. Molar behaviorists, such as Howard Rachlin argue that behavior can not be understood by focusing on events in the moment. That is, they argue that a behavior can be understood best in terms of the ultimate cause of history and that molecular behaviorist are committing a fallacy by inventing a fictitious proximal cause for behavior. Molar behaviorists argue that standard molecular constructs such as "associative strength" are such fictitious proximal causes that simply take the place of molar variables such as rate of reinforcement.[15] Thus, a molar behaviorist would define a behavior such as loving someone as exhibiting a pattern of loving behavior over time, there is no known proximal cause of loving behavior, only a history of behaviors (of which the current behavior might be an example of) that can be summarized as love. Molectular behaviorists use notions from Melioration theory, Negative power function discounting or additive versions of negative power function discounting.[16]

[edit] Behaviorism in philosophy

Behaviorism is a psychological movement that can be compared with philosophy of mind. The basic premise of radical behaviorism is that the study of behavior should be a natural science, such as chemistry or physics, without any reference to hypothetical inner states of organisms as causes for their behavior. A modern example of such analysis would be Fantino and colleagues work on behavioral approaches to reasoning.[17] Other varieties, such as theoretical behaviorism, permit internal states, but do not require them to be mental or have any relation to subjective experience. Behaviorism takes a functional view of behavior.

There are points of view within analytic philosophy that have called themselves, or have been called by others, behaviorist. In logical behaviorism (as held, e.g., by Rudolf Carnap and Carl Hempel), the meaning of psychological statements are their verification conditions, which consist of performed overt behavior. W. V. Quine made use of a type of behaviorism, influenced by some of Skinner's ideas, in his own work on language. Gilbert Ryle defended a distinct strain of philosophical behaviorism, sketched in his book The Concept of Mind. Ryle's central claim was that instances of dualism frequently represented 'category mistakes,' and hence that they were really misunderstandings of the use of ordinary language. Daniel Dennett likewise acknowledges himself to be a type of behaviorist.[18]

It is sometimes argued that Ludwig Wittgenstein defended a behaviorist position, but while there are important relations between his thought and behaviorism, the claim that he was a behaviorist is quite controversial (e.g., the Beetle in a box argument). Mathematician Alan Turing is also sometimes considered a behaviorist,[citation needed] but he himself did not make this identification.

[edit] List of notable behaviorists

* Albert Bandura
* Eddie M. Baker
* Edwin Ray Guthrie
* Richard J. Herrnstein
* Clark L. Hull
* Richard W. Malott
* Ivan Pavlov
* B. F. Skinner
* Edward Lee Thorndike
* Edward C. Tolman
* John B. Watson
* Ivar O. Lovaas

[edit] See also

* Animal training
* Applied behavior analysis
* Behavior modification
* Behavioural change theories

* Classical conditioning
* Cognition
* Cognitive revolution
* Dog behaviorist
* Experimental analysis of behavior
* Important publications in behaviorism

[edit] Notes

1. ^ a b Skinner, B.F. (1984). "The operational analysis of psychological terms". Behavioral and brain sciences(Print) 7 (4): 547–581. Retrieved on 2008-01-10.
2. ^ Baum, William M. (1994). Understanding behaviorism: science, behavior, and culture. New York, NY: HarperCollins College Publishers. ISBN 0065002865.
3. ^ a b Fraley, LF (2001). "Strategic interdisciplinary relations between a natural science community and a psychology community" (pdf). The Behavior Analyst Today 2 (4): 209–324. Retrieved on 2008-01-10.
4. ^ Moxley, RA (2004). "Pragmatic selectionism: The philosophy of behavior analysis" (pdf). The Behavior Analyst Today 5 (1): 108–125. Retrieved on 2008-01-10.
5. ^ Skinner, B. F. (1991). Behavior of Organisms. Copley Pub Group, 473. ISBN 087411487X.
6. ^ Cheney, Carl D.; Ferster, Charles B. (1997). Schedules of Reinforcement (B. F. Skinner Reprint Series). Acton, MA: Copley Publishing Group, 758. ISBN 087411828X.
7. ^ Commons, ML (2001). "A short history of the Society for the Quantitative Analysis of Behavior" (pdf). Behavior Analyst Today 2 (3): 275–279. Retrieved on 2008-01-10.
8. ^ Skinner, Burrhus Frederick (1957). Verbal Behavior. Acton, Massachusetts: Copley Publishing Group. ISBN 1-58390-021-7.
9. ^ Skinner, BF (1969), An operant analysis of problem-solving, pp. 133–157 ; chapter in Skinner, B.F. (1969). Contingencies of reinforcement: a theoretical analysis. Appleton-Century-Crofts, 283. ISBN 0131717286.
10. ^ Chomsky, Noam (1959). "A Review of B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior". Language 35 (35): 26–58. doi:10.2307/411334.
11. ^ Skinner, B. F. (1972). "I Have Been Misunderstood..". Center Magazine (March-April): 63.
12. ^ MacCorquodale, K. (1970). "On Chomsky's Review of Skinner’s VERBAL BEHAVIOR". Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 13 (1): 83–99. doi:10.1901/jeab.1970.13-83. Retrieved on 2008-01-10.
13. ^ Stemmer N (1990). "Skinner's verbal behavior, Chomsky's review, and mentalism". J Exp Anal Behav 54 (3): 307–15. doi:10.1901/jeab.1990.54-307. PMID 2103585.
14. ^ Skinner, B.F. (1969). Contingencies of reinforcement: a theoretical analysis. Appleton-Century-Crofts, 283. ISBN 0131717286.
15. ^ Baum, W.M. (2003). "The molar view of behavior and its usefulness in behavior analysis". Behavior Analyst Today 4: 78–81. Retrieved on 2008-01-10.
16. ^ Fantino E (2000). "Delay-reduction theory--the case for temporal context: comment on Grace and Savastano (2000)". J Exp Psychol Gen 129 (4): 444–6. PMID 11142857.
17. ^ Fantino, E.; Stolarz-fantino, S.; Navarro, A. (2003). "Logical fallacies: A behavioral approach to reasoning". The Behavior Analyst Today 4: 109–17. Retrieved on 2008-01-10.
18. ^ Dennett, DC. "The Message is: There is no Medium". Tufts University. Retrieved on 2008-01-10.

[edit] Further reading

* Baum, W. M. (2005) Understanding behaviorism: Behavior, Culture and Evolution. Blackwell.
* Ferster, C. B., and Skinner, B. F. (1957). Schedules of reinforcement. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
* Mills, John A., Control: A History of Behavioral Psychology, Paperback Edition, New York University Press 2000
* Lattal, K.A and Chase, P.N. (2003) "Behavior Theory and Philosophy". Plenum
* Plotnik, Rod. (2005) Introduction to Psychology. Thomson-Wadsworth (ISBN 0-534-63407-9)
* Rachlin, H. (1991) Introduction to modern behaviorism. (3rd edition.) New York: Freeman.
* Skinner, B.F., Beyond Freedom & Dignity, Hackett Publishing Co, Inc 2002
* Skinner, B. F. (1938). The behavior of organisms. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
* Skinner, B. F. (1945). The operational analysis of psychological terms. Psychological Review. 52, 270-277, 290-294.
* Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and Human Behavior (ISBN 0-02-929040-6) Online version
* Skinner, B. F. (1957). Verbal behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
* Skinner, B. F. (1969). Contingencies of reinforcement: a theoretical analysis. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts
* Skinner, B. F. (1981). Selection by consequences. Science, 213, 501-514.
* Staddon, J. (2001) The new behaviorism: Mind, mechanism and society. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press. Pp. xiii, 1-211.
* Watson, J. B. (1913). Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychological Review, 20, 158-177. (on-line)
* Watson, J. B. (1919). Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist
* Watson, J. B. (1924). Behaviorism
* Zuriff, G. E. (1985). Behaviorism: A Conceptual Reconstruction, Columbia University Press

[edit] External links

* Behaviorism entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy by George Graham
* Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Behaviorism
* Books and Journal Articles On Behaviorism
* 301 Moved Permanently (http://www.biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de/genetics/behavior/learning/behaviorism.html)
* http://www.bfskinner.org
* Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies (http://www.behavior.org)
* Science of Behavior (http://www.scienceofbehavior.com)
* The Behaviorist Approach on LearnPsychology glossary
* 301 Moved Permanently (http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Skinner/Theories)
* Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
* Association for Behavior Analysis International (http://www.abainternational.org)
* Behavior Analysis (http://www.apa.org/divisions/div25/)
* Association for Behavior Analysis
* behaviorMachine.com - Behavior Analysis for Everyone
* Theory of Behavioral Anthropology (Documents No. 9 and 10 in English)
* California Association for Behavior Analysis
* Society for Research in Adult Development Home Page (http://adultdevelopment.org/) Society for Research in Adult Development
* Behaviourism (http://www.simplypsychology.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/behaviourism.html) Behaviourism Summary

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Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorism"
Categories: Behaviorism | Psychological theories
Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since January 2008
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[jakncoke]

lol, wall of text.

[jakncoke]

I thought it was going to go over the character limit

[jakncoke]

YouTube - Shichinin no samurai (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y_szYMOCitY)

imdb users rate it the 4th best action movie ever.

[jakncoke]

nearly less than 200 away from 100k.

[jakncoke]

this=should reach it before 8 am

[jakncoke]

just past 7 if someone posts every 15 seconds.

[jakncoke]

less than 200 to 100k.

[jakncoke]

Classical logic identifies a class of formal logics that have been most intensively studied and most widely used. They are characterised by a number of properties[1]; non-classical logics are those that lack one or more of these properties, which are:

1. Law of the excluded middle and Double negative elimination;
2. Law of noncontradiction;
3. Monotonicity of entailment and Idempotency of entailment;
4. Commutativity of conjunction;
5. De Morgan duality: every logical operator is dual to another.

Classical logic is bivalent, i.e. it uses only Boolean-valued functions. And while not entailed by the preceding conditions, contemporary discussions of classical logic normally only include propositional and first-order logics.

[jakncoke]

nearly 300.

[jakncoke]

http://webpages.charter.net/gvr/MarioLuigi.gif

[jakncoke]

http://webpages.charter.net/gvr/smileys/yep.gif

[jakncoke]

http://webpages.charter.net/gvr/smileys/yep.gif
2

[jakncoke]

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[jakncoke]

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[jakncoke]

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[jakncoke]

http://webpages.charter.net/gvr/smileys/yep.gif8

[jakncoke]

http://webpages.charter.net/gvr/smileys/yep.gif9

[jakncoke]

http://webpages.charter.net/gvr/smileys/yep.gif10

[jakncoke]

http://webpages.charter.net/gvr/smileys/yep.gif11

[jakncoke]

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[jakncoke]

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[jakncoke]

http://webpages.charter.net/gvr/smileys/yep.gif14

[jakncoke]

http://webpages.charter.net/gvr/smileys/yep.gif15

[jakncoke]

http://webpages.charter.net/gvr/smileys/yep.gif
16

[jakncoke]

http://webpages.charter.net/gvr/smileys/yep.gif
17

[jakncoke]

http://webpages.charter.net/gvr/smileys/yep.gif

[jakncoke]

.................

[jakncoke]

300................

[jakncoke]

lol, I nearly have 300 in this thread.

[jakncoke]

YouTube - Jessica Alba in Sin City (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1k2MX-3cpUs)

alba is so hot

[jakncoke]

events from 1960.

[jakncoke]

January - The state of emergency is lifted in Kenya — the Mau Mau Uprising is officially over.

[jakncoke]

January 1 - Cameroon gains its independence.

[jakncoke]

I just realized my little past 7 am estimations are going to be off.

[jakncoke]

7:45 am should be alright.

[jakncoke]

January 3 - U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy (D-MA) announces his candidacy for the Democratic nomination for President.

[jakncoke]

January 9-January 11 - Aswan High Dam construction begins in Egypt.

[jakncoke]

January 10 - British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan makes the Wind of Change speech for the first time (see February 3).

[jakncoke]

January 14 - Reserve Bank and Commonwealth Bank are created in Australia.

[jakncoke]

January 19 - The Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan is signed in Washington, DC.

[jakncoke]

January 21 - A mine collapses at Coalbrook, South Africa, killing 437.

[jakncoke]

January 22 - In France, President Charles de Gaulle fires Jacques Massun, commander-in-chief for the French troops in Algeria.

[jakncoke]

January 23 - Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh descend into the Marianas Trench in the bathyscaphe Trieste, reaching the depth of 10,916 meters.

[jakncoke]

January 24 - A major insurrection occurs in Algiers against French colonial policy.

[jakncoke]

January 25 - In Washington, DC, the National Association of Broadcasters reacts to the payola scandal by threatening fines for any disc jockeys who accepted money for playing particular records.

[jakncoke]

February 1 - In Greensboro, North Carolina, four black students from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University begin a sit-in at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter. Although they are refused service, they are allowed to stay at the counter. The event triggers many similar nonviolent protests throughout the Southern United States, and 6 months later the original 4 protesters are served lunch at the same counter.

[jakncoke]

* February 3 - Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Harold Macmillan makes the Wind of Change speech to the South African Parliament in Cape Town (although he had first made the speech, to little publicity, in Accra, Gold Coast - now Ghana - on January 10 the same year).

[jakncoke]

February 5 - The CERN particle accelerator is inaugurated in Geneva, Switzerland.

[jakncoke]

February 9 - Joanne Woodward receives the first star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

[jakncoke]

# February 9 - Adolph Coors III, chairman of the board of the Coors Brewing Company, is kidnapped and captors demand $500,000. Coors is later found dead and Joseph Corbett, Jr. is indicted.

[jakncoke]

February 10 - A conference about the independence of the Belgian Congo begins in Brussels.

[jakncoke]

150 away or about 7:37 eta

[jakncoke]

my 7:45 first predicton was pretty spot on

[jakncoke]

February 11 - The airship ZPG-3W is destroyed in a storm in Massachusetts.

[jakncoke]

# February 11 - Twelve Indian soldiers die in clashes with Chinese troops at their common border.

[jakncoke]

February 13 - Nuclear testing: France tests its first atomic bomb in the Sahara.

[jakncoke]

February 18 - The 1960 Winter Olympics open in Squaw Valley, California.

[jakncoke]

February 29 - An earthquake totally destroys Agadir, Morocco.

[jakncoke]

March 3 - Elvis Presley returns home from Germany, after being away on duty for 2 years.

[jakncoke]

March 6 - Vietnam War: The United States announces that 3,500 American soldiers will be sent to Vietnam.

[jakncoke]

March 6 - The Canton of Geneva in Switzerland gives women the right to vote

[jakncoke]

March 17 - Northwest Orient Airlines flight 710 crashes near Tell City, Indiana killing all 63 on board.

[jakncoke]

March 21 - The Sharpeville massacre in South Africa kills more than 69 people, wounds 300.

[jakncoke]

March 22 - Arthur Leonard Schawlow & Charles Hard Townes receive the first patent for a laser.

[jakncoke]

March 23 - Nikita Khrushchev meets Charles De Gaulle in Paris.

[jakncoke]

March 25 - Tom Pillibi by Jacqueline Boyer (music by André Popp, text by Pierre Cour) wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1960 for France.

[jakncoke]

April 1 - Tuanku Abdul Rahman ibni Almarhum Tuanku Muhammad, 1st Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia, dies in office. He is replaced by Hisamuddin Alam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah, Sultan of Selangor.

[jakncoke]

April 1 - The United States launches the first weather satellite, TIROS-1.

[jakncoke]

The first 3 female priests are ordained in Sweden.

[jakncoke]

April 12 - Eric Peugeot, youngest son of the founder of Peugeot, is kidnapped in Paris. Kidnappers release him April 15 in exchange for $300,000 ransom.

[jakncoke]

April 13 - The United States launches navigation satellite Transit I-b.

[jakncoke]

April 13 - The Blue Streak missile is cancelled.

[jakncoke]

April 16 - Gunman David Pratt attacks South African Prime Minister Henrik Verwoerd in Johannesburg, wounding him seriously.

[jakncoke]

nearly 350.

[jakncoke]

post 333 for me in this thread.

[jakncoke]

April 19 - In the April Revolution, South Korean students hold a nationwide pro-democracy protest against president Syngman Rhee, eventually leading him to resign.

[jakncoke]

April 21 - In Brazil, the country's capital (Federal District) is shifted from Rio de Janeiro to BrasÃ*lia. The Guanabara State is founded to succeed Rio de Janeiro as the Brazilian Federal District.

[jakncoke]

April 27 - Togo gains independence from French-administered UN trusteeship.

[jakncoke]

May 1 - A Soviet missile shoots down an American Lockheed U2 spy plane; the pilot Francis Gary Powers is captured.

[jakncoke]

# May 1 - In India, May 1st is declared as 'Maharashtra Divas', i.e., Maharashtra Day (the same day is also celebrated as 'Kaamgaar Divas', i.e., Workers Day).

[jakncoke]

May 4 - West German refugee minister Theodor Oberländer is fired because of his Nazi past.

[jakncoke]

May 6 - President Dwight Eisenhower signs the Civil Rights Act of 1960 into law.

[jakncoke]

May 9 - The U.S. FDA announces that it will approve birth control as an additional indication for Searle's Enovid, making it the world's first approved oral contraceptive pill.

[jakncoke]

7:43 eta atm.

[jakncoke]

May 11 - In Buenos Aires, 4 Mossad agents abduct fugitive Nazi Adolf Eichmann, who was using the alias "Ricardo Klement".

[jakncoke]

May 13 - A Swiss/Austrian expedition makes the first ascent of Dhaulagiri, the world's 7th highest mountain.

[jakncoke]

May 14 - The Kenyan African National Congress Party is founded in Kenya, when 3 political parties join forces.

[jakncoke]

May 15 - Sputnik 4 is launched into Earth orbit.

[jakncoke]

May 16 - Nikita Khrushchev demands an apology from U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower for U-2 spy plane flights over the Soviet Union, thus ending a Big Four summit in Paris.

[jakncoke]

May 16 - Theodore Maiman operates the first laser.

[jakncoke]

May 20 - In Japan, police carry away Socialist members of the Diet; Parliament then approves a security treaty with the United States.

[jakncoke]

May 22 - Great Chilean Earthquake: Chile's subduction fault ruptures from Talcahuano to Taitao Peninsula, causing a tsunami and one of the greatest earthquakes on record. Seismographs in Valdivia crash.

[jakncoke]

May 23 - Prime Minister of Israel David Ben-Gurion announces that Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann has been captured.

[jakncoke]

May 27 - In Turkey, a bloodless military coup d'état removes President Celal Bayar and installs General Cemal Gürsel as head of state.

[jakncoke]

# June 1 - New Zealand's first television transmission occurs when a switch is flicked in Shortland Street, Auckland

[jakncoke]

June 4 - The Lake Bodom murders occur in Finland.

[jakncoke]

June 6 - U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy wins the California Democratic primary.

[jakncoke]

June 9 - Typhoon Mary kills 1,000,000 in the Fukien province of China.

[jakncoke]

June 15 - Violent demonstrations at Tokyo University result in 182 arrests, 589 injuries.

[jakncoke]

June 15 - BC Ferries, the second largest ferry operator in the world, starts service between Tsawwassen and Swartz Bay.

[jakncoke]

June 19 - The Associated Broadcasting Company is founded in the Philippines.

[jakncoke]

June 20 - The Mali Federation between Senegal and Sudanese Republic (now Mali) gains independence from France.

[jakncoke]

June 23 - Japanese prime minister Nobusuke Kishi announces his resignation.

[jakncoke]

June 24 - Joseph Kasavubu is elected the first president of independent Congo.

[jakncoke]

pg 10.................

[jakncoke]

June 24 - Avro 748 makes its first flight at Woodford, UK.

[jakncoke]

June 26 - British Somaliland gains independence from the United Kingdom; 5 days later it unites with the former Italian Somaliland to create the modern Somali Republic.

[jakncoke]

June 28 - The University of Novi Sad is founded.

[jakncoke]

June 29 - The Kanlaon Broadcasting System (KBS), the fourth TV station in the Philippines, is launched.

[jakncoke]

June 30 - Belgian Congo gains independence from Belgium; civil war follows.

[jakncoke]

less than 100 away.....

[jakncoke]

June 30 - Public demonstrations by democratic and left forces, against Italian government support of the post-fascist Italian Social Movement, are heavily suppressed by police.

[jakncoke]

July 1 - Ghana becomes a Republic and Kwame Nkrumah becomes its first President as Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom ceases to be the Head of state.

[jakncoke]

July 1 - A Soviet MiG fighter north of Murmansk in the Barents Sea shoots down a 6-man RB-47. Two United States Air Force officers survive and are imprisoned in Moscow's dreaded Lubyanka prison.

[jakncoke]

# July 1 - Italian Somailand Gains it's Independence from Italy, 5 days after the British Somailand

[jakncoke]

July 4 - Following the admission of Hawaii as the 50th U.S. state the previous year, the 50-star flag of the United States debuts in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

[jakncoke]

July 10 - The Soviet Union beats Yugoslavia 2-1 to win the first European Football Championship.

[jakncoke]

July 11 - Moise Tshombe declares the Congolese province of Katanga independent; he receives Belgian help.

[jakncoke]

July 11 - U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy is nominated for President at the Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles, California.

[jakncoke]

July 12 - Orlyonok, the main Young Pioneer camp of the Russian SFSR, is founded.

[jakncoke]

July 14 - The United Nations decides to send troops to Katanga to oversee Belgian troops withdrawal.

[jakncoke]

July 20 - Sri Lanka (then Ceylon) elects Sirimavo Bandaranaike Prime Minister, the world's first elected female head of government.

[jakncoke]

July 21 - Francis Chichester, English navigator and yachtsman, arrives in New York aboard Gypsy Moth II — he has made a record solo Atlantic crossing in 40 days.

[jakncoke]

July 25 - The Woolworth's counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, the subject of a sit-in which sparked sit-ins and pickets across the southern United States in February 1960, serves its first black customer.

[jakncoke]

July 25-July 28 - In Chicago, the Republican National Convention nominates U.S. Vice President Richard M. Nixon for President and Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. for Vice President.

[jakncoke]

July 27 - The OECD is founded in Paris.

[jakncoke]

399.....................

[jakncoke]

400..............................

[jakncoke]

August 1 - Benin become independent from France, under the name Dahomey.

[jakncoke]

August 5 - Burkina Faso (Upper Volta) declares independence from France.

[jakncoke]

August 6 - Cuban Revolution: In response to a United States embargo, Cuba nationalizes American and foreign-owned property in the nation.

[jakncoke]

August 6 - In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Albert Kalonji declares the independence of the Autonomous State of South Kasai.

[jakncoke]

August 7 - Côte d'Ivoire becomes independent.

[jakncoke]

August 11 - Chad becomes independent.

[jakncoke]

August 13 - Central African Republic becomes independent.

[jakncoke]

August 15 - Congo-Brazzaville becomes independent.

[jakncoke]

August 16 - Joseph Kittinger parachutes from a balloon over New Mexico at 102,800 feet (31,333 m). He sets unbeaten (as of 2005) world records for: high-altitude jump; free-fall by falling 16 miles (25.7 km) before opening his parachute; and fastest speed by a human without motorized assistance, 982 km/h (614 mi/h).

[jakncoke]

August 16 - Cyprus gains its independence from the United Kingdom.

[jakncoke]

August 17 - The newly named Beatles begin a forty-eight night residency at the Indra Club in Hamburg, West Germany.

[jakncoke]

August 17 - Gabon gains independence from France.

[jakncoke]

August 17 - The trial of U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers begins in Moscow.

[jakncoke]

# August 19 - Cold War: In Moscow, downed American U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers is sentenced to 10 years imprisonment by the Soviet Union for espionage.

[jakncoke]

ust 19 - Sputnik program: The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 5, with the dogs Belka and Strelka (Russian for "Squirrel" and "Little Arrow"), 40 mice, 2 rats and a variety of plants. The spacecraft returns to earth the next day and all animals are recovered safely.

[jakncoke]

August 20 - Senegal breaks away from the Mali Federation, declaring independence.

[jakncoke]

# August 25 - The 1960 Summer Olympics are open in Rome.

[jakncoke]

August 25 - The USS Seadragon (SSN-584) surfaces at the North Pole, where the crew plays softball.

[jakncoke]

August 29 - Hurricane Donna kills 50 in Florida and New England.

[jakncoke]

September 1 - Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah, Sultan of Selangor and 2nd Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia, dies in office. He is replaced by Tuanku Syed Putra, Raja of Perlis.

[jakncoke]

September 1 - Disgruntled railroad workers effectively halt operations of the Pennsylvania Railroad, marking the first shutdown in the company's history (the event lasts 2 days).

[jakncoke]

September 5 - 1960 Summer Olympics: Cassius Clay wins the gold medal in boxing.

[jakncoke]

September 5 - Congo president Joseph Kasavubu fires Patrice Lumumba's government and places him under house arrest.

[jakncoke]

September 8 - In Huntsville, Alabama, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower formally dedicates the Marshall Space Flight Center (which NASA had already activated on July 1).

[jakncoke]

7:46 eta now.

[jakncoke]

less than 50 to go.

[jakncoke]

YouTube - Jessica Alba in Sin City (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1k2MX-3cpUs)

repost is still hot.

[jakncoke]

September 14 - Colonel Joseph Mobutu takes power in Congo in a military coup.

[jakncoke]

lol just passed post 420.

[jakncoke]

man this thread nearly has 500.

[jakncoke]

September 14 - Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela form OPEC.

[jakncoke]

September 22 - Mali, sole remaining member of the Mali Federation following the withdrawal of Senegal a month earlier, declares full independence as the Republic of Mali.

[jakncoke]

September 26 - The 2 leading U.S. presidential candidates, Richard M. Nixon and John F. Kennedy, participate in the first televised presidential debate.

[jakncoke]

October 1 - Nigeria gains independence; Nnamdi Azikiwe is the first native Governor General.

[jakncoke]

October 3 - Jânio Quadros is elected president of Brazil for a 5-year term.

[jakncoke]

October 5 - White South Africans vote to make the country a republic.

[jakncoke]

October 12 - Cold War: Nikita Khrushchev pounds his shoe on a table at a United Nations General Assembly meeting, to protest at the discussion of Soviet Union policy toward Eastern Europe.

[jakncoke]

October 12 - Otoya Yamaguchi assassinates Inejiro Asanuma, chairman of the Japanese Socialist Party.

[jakncoke]

October 14 - U.S. presidential candidate John F. Kennedy first suggests the idea for the Peace Corps.

[jakncoke]

Killer Queen by Queen is what I'm listening to

[jakncoke]

7:47 eta...............

[jakncoke]

October 24 - A rocket explodes in the Baikonur Space Center during fueling, killing 91.

[jakncoke]

October 26 - Robert F. Kennedy calls Coretta Scott King, wife of Dr. Martin Luther King, and secures his release from jail on a traffic violation in Atlanta, Georgia.

[jakncoke]

October 29 - In Louisville, Kentucky, Cassius Clay (later Muhammad Ali) wins his first professional fight.

[jakncoke]

October 30 - Michael Woodruff performs the first successful kidney transplant in the United Kingdom, at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary.

[jakncoke]

November 2 - Penguin Books is found not guilty of obscenity in the Lady Chatterley's Lover case.

[jakncoke]

November 8 - United States presidential election, 1960: In a close race, John F. Kennedy is elected over Richard M. Nixon, becoming the youngest (43) man elected to that office.

[jakncoke]

November 13 - Sammy Davis, Jr. marries Swedish actress May Britt.

[jakncoke]

November 14 - Belgium threatens to leave the United Nations over criticism of its Congo policy.

[jakncoke]

# November 14 - A collision between two trains in Pardubice, Czechoslovakia kills 117 people.

[jakncoke]

November 15 - The Polaris missile is test-launched.

[jakncoke]

November 22 - The United Nations supports the government of Joseph Kasavubu and Joseph Mobutu in Congo.

[jakncoke]

November 24 - Wilt Chamberlain makes 55 rebounds

[jakncoke]

November 28 - Mauritania becomes independent of France.

[jakncoke]

November 30 - Production of the DeSoto automobile brand ceases.

[jakncoke]

The DeSoto (sometimes De Soto) was a brand of automobile based in the United States, manufactured and marketed by the Chrysler Corporation from 1928 to 1961. The DeSoto logo featured a stylized image of Hernando de Soto.

[jakncoke]

less than 20 till epic milestone.

[jakncoke]

December 1 - Patrice Lumumba, the deposed premier of the Congo, is arrested by troops of Colonel Joseph Mobutu.

[jakncoke]

December 1 - A 5-ton Soviet spacecraft containing animals, insects and plants is launched into orbit; it burns up upon re-entry.

[jakncoke]

December 2 - The Archbishop of Canterbury, the Most Rev. Geoffrey Francis Fisher, talks with Pope John XXIII for about an hour in the Vatican. It is the first time in more than 500 years that a head of the Anglican Church had visited the Pope.

[jakncoke]

December 2 - U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorizes the use of $1M for the relief and resettlement of Cuban refugees, who have been arriving in Florida at the rate of 1,000 a week.

[jakncoke]

December 4 - The admission to the United Nations of Mauritania is vetoed by the USSR.

[jakncoke]

December 5 - Pierre Lagaillarde, who led 1958 and 1960 insurrections in Algeria, fails to appear in a Paris court. He has reportedly fled with 4 fellow defendants to Spain en route to Algeria.

[jakncoke]

December 7 - The United Nations Security Council is called into session by the Soviet Union, to consider Soviet demands that the U.N. seek the immediate release of former Congolese Premier Patrice Lumumba.

[jakncoke]

December 9 - French President Charles de Gaulle's visit to Algeria is marked by bloody riots by European and Muslim mobs in Algeria's largest cities, killing 127 people.

[jakncoke]

December 9 - First Episode of long-running drama Coronation Street airs. It was originally planned to be a 16-part drama but became such a success that it is still running 5 times or more per week.

[jakncoke]

December 12 - The U.S. Supreme Court upholds a Federal Court ruling that Louisiana's segregation laws are unconstitutional.

[jakncoke]

99,994..................

[jakncoke]

99.995...............

[jakncoke]

99.996...............

[jakncoke]

99,997..................

[jakncoke]

99,998......................

[jakncoke]

99,999................

[jakncoke]

100,000!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1

[LiNuX]

100,000!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1

good job :D

[LiNuX]

lol you have 460 posts in here in a matter of few hours and i have 16....

[Trunks]

August 20 - Senegal breaks away from the Mali Federation, declaring independence.

My birthday........

[Yuuki]

My birthday........

Lol aren't you lucky? XP

[Trunks]

Lol aren't you lucky? XP

Very lucky. It's reassuring to know that we declared Independence on the same day and month as I was born

[Yuuki]

Indeedles lol

[LemonRising]

Very lucky. It's reassuring to know that we declared Independence on the same day and month as I was born

You're from Senegal?

[jakncoke]

:laugh:

screwnby

[Trunks]

You're from Senegal?

yes lol


Jak is like the only person who posted in this thread